- 1. was originated by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and has still considered as one of the
prominent theories in psychology.
This holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed in early
childhood. It argues that human personality contains three major components, namely: id, ego and
superego.
A) Psychodynamic or psychoanalytic psychology
B) Psychological
- 2. dictates the needs and desires (it operates
under pleasure principle) or instinctive and
primitive desires. Demands immediate
satisfaction.
A) ID
B) EGO
C) SUPER EGO
- 3. counteracts the id by fostering
feelings of morality (morality principle). It is
divided into two (2) parts: conscience and ego
ideals.
A) Id
B) Superego
- 4. evaluates the reality of a position of these
two extremes (reality principle). If these three
components are properly balanced, the individual
can lead a normal life. But if one aspect of the
personality governs at the expense of the others,
the individual exhibits abnormal personality traits.
A) Superego
B) Id
C) Ego
- 5. is originally created by John B. Watson and popularized by Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Some psychologists agree that behavior is controlled by unconscious mental processes
determined by parental relationships developed early in childhood as what Freud believed but
others do not, like Watson and Skinner
A) Behavioral Theory
B) Social Learning
- 6. branch of behavior theory most relevant to criminology. It was created by Albert S.
Bandura (1973), a Canadian psychologist who argued that people are not actually born with the
ability to act violently but that they learn to be aggressive through their life experiences. The
experiences include personally observing others acting aggressively to achieve some goal or
watching people being rewarded for violent acts on television or in movies. Bandura claimed
that people learn to act aggressively when, as children, they model their behavior after the
violent acts of adults.
A) Social Learning
B) Sociological Society
- 7. A branch of psychology that studies the perception of reality and the mental process
required to understand the world we live. It focuses on mental processes- the way people
perceive and mentally represents the world around them.
A) Cognitive theory
B) Mental theory
- 8. convicted people tend to choose each other as mates
because of physical and social proximity; they meet each other in the same schools, neighborhoods,
clubs, pubs, and so on.
A) social homogamy
B) Social harmony
- 9. proposed by James Q. Wilson and Richard Herrnstein. They explain predatory street crime by
showing how human nature develops from the interplay of psychological, biological, and social factors.
The main concept of this theory is the interaction of genes with the environment that some individuals
form the kind of personality likely to commit crimes
A) Integrated Theory
B) Integrated Theory
- 10. Devised by British psychiatrist Edward John M. Bowlby who expressed the notion that a child
needs warmth and affection from his/her mother or a mother substitute. Bowlby emphasized that the
most important phenomenon to social development takes place after the birth of any mammal and
that is the construction of an emotional bond between the infant and his mother.
A) Maternal Deprivation and Attachment Theory
B) Maternal Deprivation and Attachment Theory2
- 11. It explains how a certain individual acquires criminal or undesirable behavior; it describes how the agents of
socialization such as family, environment, schools, mass media and peer groups contribute or affect the behavior of a
specific individual; and it would also somehow manifest as to how a person responded or reacted with regards to the
conduct displayed by other persons whom he or she is socializing with.
A) SOCIAL THEORIES
B) SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES
- 12. suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated
lower-class areas push many of their residents into criminal behavior patterns. Social structure theory has
three (3) major branches, such as: social disorganization theory, strain theory, and cultural deviance theory.
Another subfield of sociological theory
A) SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES
B) SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES
- 13. which hold that criminality, is a
function of individual socialization. Social process theories also have three (3) major branches, such as: social
learning theory, social control theory, and social reaction theory.
A) SOCIAL PROCESS THEORIES
B) SOCIAL ECONOMIC THEORIES
- 14. was created by Chicago based sociologists Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. Mckay who links
crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics. Crime rates are elevated in highly transient, “mixed use” (where
residential and commercial property exist side by side) and/or “changing neighborhoods” in which the fabric of social life
has become fayed.
A) Sociological Theory
B) Social disorganization theory
- 15. According to Durkheim, an anomic society is one in which rules of behavior
(norms) have broken down or become inoperative during periods of rapid social change or social crisis such as war or
famine. Anomie most likely occurs in societies that are moving forward mechanically to organic solidarity.
A) Animal Theory
B) Anomie Theory
- 16. “anomie”, which derived from the
Greek a nomos which means
A) With norms
B) Without norms
- 17. is defined as a characteristic of pre-industrial society, which is held together by traditions, shared
values, and unquestioned beliefs. Organic solidarity refers to the post industrial system, in which the place is highly
developed and dependent upon the division of labor and people are connected by their interdependent needs for each
other’s services and production.
A) Mechanical Solidarity
B) Solidarity
- 18. American sociologist Robert K. Merton applied Durkheim’s ideas of anomie to criminology. He holds that
crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they can use to legally obtain those
goals. Consequently, those who failed to attain their goals because of inadequate means would feel anger, frustration
and resentment, which are referred to as strain and that those people who are in strain or pressure may develop criminal
or delinquent solutions to the problem of attaining goals (Siegel et al, 2007)
A) Relative Theory
B) Strain Theory
- 19. This theory clearly emphasizes that a sharp division between the rich and the poor
creates an atmosphere of envy and mistrust. Criminal motivation is fueled both by perceived humiliation and the
perceived right to humiliate a victim in return. A Accordingly, lower-class people might feel both deprived and embittered
when they compare their life circumstances to those of the more affluent.
A) Relative Deprivation Theory
B) Relative Theory
- 20. Sociologist Robert Agnew reformulated the strain theory of Robert Merton and suggests that
criminality is the direct result of negative affective states– the anger, frustration, depression, disappointment and other
adverse emotions that derive from strain.
A) General theory
B) General strain theory
- 21. This theory combines the effects of social disorganization and strain to explain how people
living in deteriorated neighborhoods react to social isolation and economic deprivation. Because of the draining,
frustrating and dispiriting experiences, members of the lower class create an independent subculture with its ownset of
rules and values. This lower-class subculture stresses excitement, toughness, risk-taking, fearlessness and immediate
gratification.
A) Cultural Deviance Theory
B) Delinquents Theory
- 22. Albert K. Cohen first articulated the theory in his classic book, “Delinquent Boys.”
Cohen’s position was that delinquent behavior of lower class youth is actually a protest against the norms and values
middle-class U.S. culture. The social conditions make them incapable of achieving success legitimately, lower-class youths
experience a form of culture conflict that Cohen labels status frustration. Status frustration refers to the state where
youths are incapable of achieving their legitimate goals in life because of the social conditions that they are into such as
having poor parents and living in slum areas
A) Differential Theory
B) Delinquent Subculture theory
- 23. This
theory is a combination of strain and disorganization principles into a portrayal of a gang-sustaining criminal subculture.
A) Differential Opportunity Theory
B) Diffirent theory
- 24. Gresham M. Sykes. They viewed the process of becoming a criminal as a learning experience in which potential
delinquents and criminals master techniques that enable them to counterbalance or neutralize conventional
values and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior.
A) Drift theory neutralization theory
B) Drift Theory
- 25. “Tell me who your friends are and I will tell you who you are,” a Mexican proverb
that would best describe the theory of differential association.
A) Differential Association Theory
B) Different social theory
- 26. Walter C. Reckless and assumes that for every individual, there exists a containing external
structure and a protective internal structure, both of which provide defense, protection, or insulation against
delinquency (Siegel, 2007). According to Reckless “outer containment” or the structural buffer that holds the
person in bounds
A) Containment Theory
B) Social bond theory
- 27. He assumes that all individuals are potential law violators, but they are kept under control because they
fear that illegal behavior will damage their relationships with friends, parents, neighbors, teachers and
employers.
A) Social Bond theory
B) Socialize Theory
- 28. Howard S. Becker who explains that society creates deviance
through a system of social control agencies that designate (label) certain individuals as delinquent, thereby
stigmatizing a person and encouraging them to accept this negative personal identity.
A) Socialize theory
B) Social Reaction (labelling theory)
- 29. includes technology, energy sources, and material resources
A) Productive Relationships
B) Productive Forces
- 30. relationships that exist among the people producing goods and services
· Relationship in the industrial culture is between the owners
A) Productive relations2
B) Productive relations
- 31. a collapse of people’s humanity reflecting a decline in society. Proletariats are
demoralized by Bourgeoisie that leads to crime and violence.
Working people committed crime because their choice was slow death of starvation or a speedy one at the
hands of the law.
A) Friedrich
B) Social demoralization
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