- 1. Cell biology is the study of the structure and function of cells, the basic units of life. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including cell structure, organelles, cell metabolism, cell communication, and cell division. Molecular biology, on the other hand, focuses on the molecular mechanisms that regulate various cellular processes. This includes the study of DNA, RNA, proteins, and their interactions within cells. Together, cell biology and molecular biology provide insights into the complex workings of living organisms at the cellular and molecular levels, helping to further our understanding of life and disease.
What is the genetic material found in the nucleus of a cell?
A) Protein
B) DNA
C) Lipid
D) RNA
- 2. In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
A) G2 phase
B) S phase
C) G1 phase
D) M phase
- 3. Which process involves the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
A) Diffusion
B) Endocytosis
C) Osmosis
D) Active transport
- 4. What type of biomolecule is an enzyme?
A) Protein
B) Nucleic acid
C) Carbohydrate
D) Lipid
- 5. Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
A) Lysosome
B) Mitochondria
C) Cytoplasm
D) Nucleus
- 6. What molecule carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis?
A) tRNA
B) rRNA
C) DNA
D) mRNA
- 7. Which scientist discovered the double-helix structure of DNA?
A) Rosalind Franklin
B) Gregor Mendel
C) James Watson and Francis Crick
D) Alexander Fleming
- 8. What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
A) Transcribes mRNA
B) Builds the peptide bonds
C) Activates ribosomes
D) Carries amino acids to the ribosome
- 9. What is the complex of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells called?
A) Centrosome
B) Chromatin
C) Chromosome
D) Nucleosome
- 10. Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell?
A) Anaphase
B) Metaphase
C) Prophase
D) Telophase
- 11. What is the process by which cells specialize into different cell types?
A) Differentiation
B) Mutation
C) Proliferation
D) Apoptosis
- 12. Which enzyme is responsible for unzipping the DNA double helix during replication?
A) Ligase
B) Polymerase
C) Helicase
D) Primase
- 13. What is the name of the structure that serves as the cell's internal transportation system?
A) Nucleus
B) Lysosome
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Ribosome
- 14. Which process involves the destruction of damaged or unnecessary cellular components?
A) Exocytosis
B) Autophagy
C) Lysosome formation
D) Endocytosis
- 15. What is the purpose of the cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms?
A) To initiate apoptosis
B) To halt cellular metabolism
C) To promote mutation
D) To control and regulate cell division
- 16. Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis?
A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) snRNA
D) rRNA
- 17. What is the term for the programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms?
A) Mitosis
B) Necrosis
C) Differentiation
D) Apoptosis
- 18. Which molecule regulates gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences?
A) tRNA
B) rRNA
C) mRNA
D) Transcription factor
- 19. What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
A) Contains genetic material and controls cell activities
B) Generates energy
C) Detoxifies harmful substances
D) Synthesizes proteins
- 20. What is the cellular structure responsible for cell division and organization of the mitotic spindle?
A) Endoplasmic reticulum
B) Mitochondria
C) Lysosome
D) Centrosome
- 21. What is the energy currency of cells?
A) Glucose
B) ATP
C) DNA
D) RNA
- 22. What is the process by which cells engulf solid particles?
A) Exocytosis
B) Pinocytosis
C) Endocytosis
D) Phagocytosis
- 23. Which type of cell division results in the formation of gametes?
A) Meiosis
B) Budding
C) Binary fission
D) Mitosis
- 24. What is the copying of DNA to form two identical DNA molecules called?
A) Replication
B) Mutation
C) Transcription
D) Translation
- 25. What is the region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are held together?
A) Centriole
B) Centromere
C) Chromatin
D) Homologous region
- 26. What is the hereditary material found in mitochondria?
A) rDNA
B) mRNA
C) nDNA
D) MtDNA
- 27. Which enzyme adds nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand during transcription?
A) Ligase
B) DNA polymerase
C) RNA polymerase
D) Helicase
- 28. What type of bonds hold together the nitrogenous bases in a DNA double helix?
A) Ionic bonds
B) Hydrogen bonds
C) Peptide bonds
D) Covalent bonds
- 29. Which organelle is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion?
A) Endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Mitochondrion
D) Lysosome
- 30. Which cell organelle contains digestive enzymes for waste breakdown?
A) Mitochondrion
B) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) Lysosome
D) Ribosome
- 31. Why is water important for cell biology?
A) It provides structural support to cells
B) It functions in cell communication
C) It generates energy for cellular activities
D) It serves as a solvent for metabolic reactions
- 32. What is the process in which a cell uses energy to move substances across the cell membrane?
A) Active transport
B) Diffusion
C) Passive transport
D) Facilitated transport
- 33. What is the process by which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells?
A) Meiosis
B) Binary fission
C) Budding
D) Mitosis
- 34. Which molecule acts as a catalyst during chemical reactions in cells?
A) Receptor
B) Hormone
C) Antibody
D) Enzyme
- 35. Which organelle is responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells?
A) Nucleus
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Mitochondria
- 36. What is the term for the division of the cytoplasm following nuclear division?
A) Meiosis
B) Binary fission
C) Mitosis
D) Cytokinesis
- 37. Which of these is not a nitrogenous base found in DNA?
A) Adenine
B) Thymine
C) Cytosine
D) Uracil
- 38. What cellular structure is responsible for maintaining cell shape and internal organization?
A) Nucleus
B) Cytoskeleton
C) Cell membrane
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
- 39. What is the term for the random movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane?
A) Facilitated diffusion
B) Diffusion
C) Active transport
D) Osmosis
- 40. What type of bond forms between amino acids during protein synthesis?
A) Hydrogen bond
B) Peptide bond
C) Covalent bond
D) Ionic bond
- 41. Which cell structure contains the genetic material of the cell?
A) Mitochondria
B) Ribosome
C) Nucleus
D) Lysosome
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