PATLAL😭
  • 1. What theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and communicative exchanges in language acquisition?
A) Interactionism
B) Behaviorism
C) Cognitivist
D) Nativism
  • 2. What is the term for an innate grammatical framework proposed by Noam Chomsky that is common to all human languages?
A) Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
B) Acquisition Support System(LASS)
C) Universal Grammar
D) Cognitive Schema
  • 3. What is ‘positive reinforcement’ in the context of behaviorism?
A) Encouraging imitation
B) Ignoring incorrect language use
C) Correcting language mistakes
D) Rewarding correct language use
  • 4. Which theory asserts that language acquisition is a result of environmental interaction, imitation, and reinforcement?
A) Nativism
B) Interactionism
C) Cognitivism
D) Behaviorism
  • 5. What does ‘equilibration’ mean in Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory?
A) • Integrating new information into existing schemas
B) • Reinforcing correct language use through rewards
C) • Balancing assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding
D) • Adjusting cognitive structures to incorporate new information
  • 6. What is ‘child-directed speech’ (CDS) in the Interactionist Theory?
A) • Advanced language used by caregivers
B) Formal teaching of grammatical rules
C) • Simplified, accessible language tailored to young children
D) • Symbolic play to teach language concepts
  • 7. What is the name of the social structures and interactions that support language learning in the Interactionist Theory?
A) Language Acquisition Device
B) Universal Grammar
C) Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)
D) Cognitive Schema
  • 8. Who proposed the concept of the ‘Language Acquisition Device (LAD)’?
A) B.F Skinner
B) Jerome Bruner
C) Noam Chomsky
D) Jean Piaget
  • 9. According to Jerome Bruner, what term describes the social structures and interactions that support language learning?
A) • Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)
B) • Universal Grammar
C) • Cognitive Equilibration
D) • Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
  • 10. Which theory is closely associated with B.F. Skinner and focuses on the role of environmental influences in learning language?
A) Interactionism
B) Nativism
C) • Behaviorism
D) • Cognitivism
  • 11. Why has the study of SLA been traditionally dominated by linguistics?
A) • Psychological studies of language were less developed
B) • Educational institutions prioritized linguistic studies
C) • Linguistics was more accommodating for SLA research
D) • Linguistics offers the most effective teaching methods
  • 12. According to the paper, what is necessary for effective L2 learning in adults?
A) • Combining implicit learning with explicit learning processes
B) • Focusing exclusively on rote memorization
C) • Solely relying on implicit learning mechanism
D) • Avoiding explicit learning altogether
  • 13. What is one proposed research area mentioned in the paper’s future research agenda?
A) • Reducing the emphasis on psychological factors
B) • Exploring the explicit/implicit learning dichotomy
C) • Developing new linguistic output models
D) • Focusing solely on linguistic theories
  • 14. Which technological advancement has significantly influenced the study of SLA in recent times?
A) • Automated language translation tools
B) • Brain scanning and imaging technologies
C) • Online language learning platforms
D) • Development of new language textbooks
  • 15. What is a major challenge of the linguistic approach in SLA according to the paper?
A) • Overreliance on cognitive theories
B) • Lack of practical applications
C) • Emphasis on developmental processes
D) • Focus on static language output analysis
  • 16. Which field traditionally focused on analyzing language output as a static state?
A) • Linguistics
B) • Cognitive Science
C) • Education
D) • Psychology
  • 17. Why do psychologists find L1 acquisition more attractive than L2 acquisition?
A) • L2 acquisition is less relevant to human identity
B) • L1 acquisition is easier to study
C) • L1 acquisition offers more generalizable findings
D) • L2 acquisition is more uniform
  • 18. Language Learning: The Past, The Present, and The Future”?
A) • The historical and current influence of psychology on language learning
B) • The development of linguistic theories in SLA
C) • The role of technology in language acquisition
D) • The effectiveness of different language teaching methods
  • 19. What is meant by ‘interdisciplinary collaboration’ in the context of SLA research?
A) • Combining insights from multiple academic disciplines
B) • Prioritizing traditional teaching methods
C) • Separating psychology from linguistics
D) • Focusing solely on linguistic theories
  • 20. What was unconventional about the author’s academic journey in the mid-1980s?
A) • Focusing on L1 acquisition
B) • Integrating technology into language learning research
C) • Pursuing a PhD in Linguistics
D) • Studying SLA within a Department of Psychology
  • 21. Who is considered the founder of Behaviorism, which significantly influenced the Behaviorist Theory of language learning?
A) • J.B. Watson
B) • Jean Piaget
C) • Noam Chomsky
D) • Jerome Bruner
  • 22. What is one major limitation of Behaviorist Theory in explaining language acquisition?
A) • It ignores the role of environmental stimuli
B) • It focuses too much on social and cultural factors
C) • It does not explain how children learn abstract words and novel language forms
D) • It overestimates the influence of cognitive development
  • 23. According to Behaviorist Theory, how do children form complex speech patterns?
A) • By gradual refinement through trial-and-error
B) • By social interaction and support
C) • Via cognitive restructuring
D) • Through a biological predisposition
  • 24. Behaviorist Theory contributed to the development of which teaching approach that involves physical activity as a response to language input?
A) • Communicative Language Teaching
B) • Total Physical Response
C) • Silent Way
D) • Direct Method
  • 25. Which criticism is often leveled against Behaviorist Theory?
A) • It does not account for social influences
B) • It ignores the role of reinforcement in learning
C) • It relies too heavily on cognitive development stages
D) • It overemphasizes innate biological mechanisms
  • 26. What is the primary focus of Behaviorist Theory in language acquisition?
A) • Cognitive processes
B) • Observable behavior and reinforcement
C) • Innate ability
D) • Social interaction
  • 27. Who is considered the founder of Behaviorism, which influenced Behaviorist Theory of language learning?
A) • Noam Chomsky
B) • • J.B. Watson
C) • Jean Piaget
D) • Lev Vygotsky
  • 28. According to Behaviorist Theory, how do children primarily learn language?
A) • Through innate mechanisms
B) • By interacting with their environment
C) • Through problem-solving and hypothesis testing
D) • By imitating sounds and receiving rewards
  • 29. Which of the following is NOT a basic tenet of Behaviorist Theory?
A) • Stimulus-Response Associations
B) • Imitation and Reinforcement
C) • Universal Grammar
D) • Habit Formation
  • 30. Which language teaching method is most closely aligned with Behaviorist Theory?
A) • Grammar Translation Method
B) • Audiolingual Method
C) • Communicative Language Teaching
D) • Total Physical Response
  • 31. The critical/sensitive period for the development of semantics is considered to be:
A) • Through the 12th month of infancy
B) • Through the 15th or 16th year of life
C) • From 2 years to 4 years From birth to 2 years
  • 32. This key elements of language runs through the 15th or 16th year of life.
A) • Syntax
B) • Semantics
C) • Morphology
D) • Phonology
  • 33. Who proposed the critical period hypothesis for language acquisition and when?
A) • Eric Lenneberg, 1967
B) • Jean Piaget, 1960
C) • Noam Chomsky, 1957
D) • B.F. Skinner, 1955
  • 34. Which brain regions are involved in syntax and semantics respectively?
A) • Frontal lobe for syntax and occipital lobe for semantics.
B) • Left hemisphere for syntax and right hemisphere for semantics.
C) • Anterior temporal region for syntax and posterior brain regions for semantics.
D) • Posterior brain regions for syntax and anterior and Temporal region for semantics.
  • 35. What is the implication of the critical/sensitive period concept for early language development?
A) • Early and appropriate sensory input is crucial for optimal language development.
B) • Language skills can be developed equally well at any age.
C) • Hearing loss in early childhood has no impact on language development
D) • Phonological skills are not important for later language development.
  • 36. What research finding supports the critical period for phonological development?
A) • Children start using grammar by age 2.
B) • Children understand complex sentences by age 3.
C) • Newborns can differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar voices.
D) • Adolescents have fully developed semantic responses.
  • 37. Which of the following best describes the impact of early exposure to phonemic sounds?
A) • It only affects the ability to learn multiple languages.
B) • It has no impact on later language development.
C) • It is crucial for phonological development and influences later language abilities
D) • It is important only for developing semantic understanding.
  • 38. What did neurophysiological studies by Neville et al. indicate about syntax development?
A) • Syntax development reaches full maturity by the mid- teens.
B) • Syntax development is complete by age 4.
C) • Syntax development is only influenced by genetic factors.
D) • Syntax development is unaffected by early experiences.
  • 39. What is a broader implication of the critical/sensitive period concept in human development?
A) • Human development occurs in completely unique stages without any overlap.
B) • Developmental changes are purely driven by genetic factors.
C) • Biological maturation has no role in developmental changes.
D) • Specific experiences during critical periods significantly influence later development.
  • 40. Which research finding supports the critical period for phonological development?
A) • Infants lose the ability to discriminate non-native phonemes by 12 months.
B) • Syntax develops fully by the mid-teens.
C) • Newborns can speak fluently by 12 months.
D) • Semantics are fully understood by age 4.
  • 41. What is the critical/sensitive period for syntax development according to neurophysiological studies?
A) • From 6 months to 1 year
B) • From birth to 2 years
C) • Extends through the fourth year of life and possibly up to the age of 15-16
D) • From 1 year to 4 years
  • 42. During what time frame is the critical period for phonological development?
A) • From birth to 6 months
B) • From 1 year to 4 years
C) • From the sixth month of fetal life through the 12th month of infancy
D) • From 2 years to 5 years
  • 43. What did ERP studies reveal about children’s brain responses to semantic stimuli?
A) • Mature responses are present only in adults.
B) • Children have fully mature responses to semantic stimuli by age 4.
C) • Semantic development is complete by age 2.
D) • Mature responses begin to appear by age 4 but continue to develop through adolescence.
  • 44. What is the concept of a critical or sensitive period in language development?
A) • A biologically determined window when language acquisition is most effective.
B) • A phase when adults can learn new languages easily.
C) • A period when children learn to read and write.
D) • A period when language acquisition is impossible.
  • 45. Teachers should actively manage the use of L1, integrating it strategically into lessons to enhance learning while ensuring sufficient exposure to L2. This explains the
A) • Overcoming Overuse of Mother Tongue
B) • Grammar Translation Method
C) • Direct Method and Audiolingual Method
D) • Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Community Language Learning, Total Physical Response, Communicative Language Teaching
  • 46. What is a classroom strategy that involves using the mother tongue to support second language learning?
A) • Teach common phrases only in L1.
B) • Repeat instructions in L1 to ensure understanding.
C) • Avoid using gestures and visual aids.
D) • Give instructions in L2 only, regardless of understanding.
  • 47. What is one benefit of mother-tongue instruction mentioned in the context of the Hong Kong policy?
A) • It focuses only on English proficiency.
B) • It enhances both mother tongue and English proficiency.
C) • It eliminates the use of the mother tongue in classrooms.
D) • It reduces the need for learning English.
  • 48. What is a common belief among educators about the use of the mother tongue (L1) in second language (L2) learning?
A) • It should be used exclusively in the classroom.
B) • It should be minimized as much as possible.
C) • It is more beneficial than learning a second language.
D) • It has no influence on second language learning.
  • 49. This teaching methodology uses L1 selectively to support understanding and build a bridge.
A) • Grammar Translation Method
B) • Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Community Language Learning, Total Physical Response, Communicative Language Teaching
C) • Direct Method and Audiolingual Method
  • 50. What can be a consequence of an abrupt transition from mother tongue to second language instruction?
A) • Enhanced motivation to learn.
B) • Reduced motivation and potential academic failure.
C) • Strengthened first language acquisition.
D) • Immediate fluency in the second language.
  • 51. According to UNESCO (2007), what is one benefit of mother tongue-based instruction?
A) • It results in better academic outcomes, especially for disadvantaged groups
B) • It makes learning additional languages more difficult.
C) • It encourages students to abandon their native language.
D) • It leads to poorer academic outcomes.
  • 52. This teaching methodology avoid L1 to prevent interference with L2 learning.
A) • Grammar Translation Method
B) • Direct Method and Audiolingual Method
C) • Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Community Language Learning, Total Physical Response, Communicative Language Teaching
  • 53. How does fluency and literacy in the mother tongue influence learning additional languages?
A) • It provides a foundation for learning additional languages.
B) • It causes confusion between languages.
C) • It has no impact on learning additional languages.
D) • It hinders the ability to learn additional languages.
  • 54. Gradual transition from mother tongue to second language instruction helps children learn the second language more effectively and retain their native language skills. This explains the
A) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
B) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
C) • Significance of Mother Tongue
D) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
  • 55. Teachers should balance the use of L1 to avoid over- reliance and ensure sufficient exposure to English. This explains the
A) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
B) • When and How to Use Mother Tongue
C) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
D) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
  • 56. The mother tongue is a key instrument for intellectual development and expression. Weakness in the mother tongue can hinder overall cognitive abilities. This explains the
A) • Significance of Mother Tongue
B) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
C) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
D) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
  • 57. The mother tongue is essential for a child’s identity, reinforcing social patterns and unique cultural backgrounds. This indicates the
A) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
B) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
C) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
D) • Significance of Mother Tongue
  • 58. While some argue for exclusive use of English, especially for young learners, L1 can provide a sense of security, facilitate understanding, and enable more complex activities. This explains the
A) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
B) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
C) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
D) • When and How to Use Mother Tongue
  • 59. What is one activity mentioned that involves both L1 and L2 to make language learning more engaging?
A) • Listening to L2 audio recordings without context.
B) • Conversation starters and translation tasks.
C) • Grammar drills in L2 only
D) • Memorizing vocabulary lists in L2 only.
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