- 1. Developmental biology is the branch of biology that studies how organisms grow and develop from a single cell into a complex multicellular organism. It involves examining the genetic, molecular, cellular, and environmental factors that regulate the processes of cell division, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Developmental biology seeks to understand the mechanisms that guide embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and growth throughout the life of an organism. By studying the intricate processes involved in development, researchers can gain insights into evolutionary relationships, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic interventions.
Which of the following is a process by which cells become different from each other and acquire specific functions?
A) Fertilization
B) Mitosis
C) Apoptosis
D) Differentiation
- 2. The process through which a single cell divides multiple times to form a complex organism is known as:
A) Homeostasis
B) Migration
C) Regeneration
D) Development
- 3. What is the first stage of embryonic development called when a zygote starts dividing?
A) Cleavage
B) Differentiation
C) Gastrulation
D) Fertilization
- 4. Which germ layer gives rise to the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and glands?
A) Ectoderm
B) All of the above
C) Endoderm
D) Mesoderm
- 5. The notochord is derived from which embryonic germ layer?
A) Mesoderm
B) Endoderm
C) Ectoderm
D) Hypoderm
- 6. What is the term used to describe the programmed cell death that is essential for normal development and tissue homeostasis?
A) Apoptosis
B) Metamorphosis
C) Cleavage
D) Differentiation
- 7. What is the process in which cells move to their final destination in the developing organism?
A) Apoptosis
B) Proliferation
C) Recombination
D) Migration
- 8. The process where a tissue or organ regenerates or repairs itself after injury is known as:
A) Differentiation
B) Regeneration
C) Migration
D) Development
- 9. What is the term for the process by which a fertilized egg attaches to the inner wall of the uterus?
A) Implantation
B) Fertilization
C) Gastrulation
D) Cleavage
- 10. During which stage of development do the three germ layers form?
A) Cleavage
B) Implantation
C) Gastrulation
D) Differentiation
- 11. Which stage of development involves the rearrangement of cells into their appropriate positions?
A) Proliferation
B) Migration
C) Morphogenesis
D) Apoptosis
- 12. Anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axis formation in embryos is controlled by which set of genes?
A) Enzymes
B) Antibodies
C) Receptors
D) Hox genes
- 13. In the process of “neurulation”, what structure is formed in the developing embryo?
A) Notochord
B) Placenta
C) Neural tube
D) Somite
- 14. What is the term for the stage of development when an organism undergoes a major change in body form?
A) Cleavage
B) Gastrulation
C) Metamorphosis
D) Regeneration
- 15. What is the stage of development when the embryo is most susceptible to teratogens (factors causing birth defects)?
A) Adolescent period
B) Fetal period
C) Neonatal period
D) Embryonic period
- 16. Which cellular process involves the splitting of a single cell into two daughter cells?
A) Cell fusion
B) Cell division
C) Cell differentiation
D) Cell migration
- 17. What is the process by which a single zygote develops into an organism?
A) Mitosis
B) Embryogenesis
C) Gametogenesis
D) Meiosis
- 18. What is the formation of new blood vessels known as?
A) Myogenesis
B) Angiogenesis
C) Neurulation
D) Hematopoiesis
- 19. Which structure allows for gas exchange in the developing chick embryo?
A) Chorioallantoic membrane
B) Blastodisc
C) Amnion
D) Vitelline membrane
- 20. Which structure in the mammalian embryo gives rise to the placenta?
A) Endoderm
B) Trophoblast
C) Ectoderm
D) Mesoderm
- 21. Which of the following is a structure formed by the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei during fertilization?
A) Zygote
B) Morula
C) Blastomere
D) Blastocyst
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