Teratology

1. Teratology is the study of abnormalities and malformations that occur during the development of an organism. This field explores the causes and effects of these anomalies, seeking to understand the underlying genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors that contribute to their occurrence. By investigating teratogenic agents and their impact on embryonic growth and organogenesis, teratologists aim to increase our knowledge of birth defects and improve prevention strategies. Through research in teratology, scientists hope to enhance our understanding of developmental processes and ultimately improve outcomes for affected individuals.

Which trimester of pregnancy is considered the most critical for teratogenic effects?

A) First trimester.
B) Second trimester.
C) There is no specific trimester.
D) Third trimester.

2. What is the purpose of teratology studies?

A) To understand the causes and mechanisms of birth defects.
B) To promote certain prenatal vitamins.
C) To study the effects of exercise during pregnancy.
D) To examine the impact of mental health disorders on fetal development.

3. Which factor can increase the risk of teratogenic effects?

A) Regular doctor visits.
B) Use of recreational drugs during pregnancy.
C) Healthy maternal weight gain.
D) Adequate prenatal care.

4. What role do genetics play in teratology?

A) Genes are irrelevant in the study of teratogens.
B) Genetics have no impact on birth defects.
C) Genetic factors can predispose individuals to certain birth defects.
D) Only chromosomal abnormalities are influenced by genetics.

5. How do teratogens affect fetal development?

A) They enhance fetal growth and development.
B) They have no impact on fetal development.
C) They only affect the mother, not the fetus.
D) They can disrupt normal development processes and cause abnormalities.

6. What precaution can pregnant women take to reduce the risk of teratogenic effects?

A) Eating raw fish.
B) Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals.
C) Skipping prenatal appointments.
D) Not getting enough rest.

7. How does maternal nutrition impact teratogenic risks?

A) Nutritional supplements are the only important factor.
B) Poor maternal nutrition can increase the risk of birth defects.
C) Healthy diet choices eliminate teratogenic risks.
D) Maternal nutrition has no impact on fetal development.

8. What is the significance of the FDA pregnancy category system in teratology?

A) It categorizes drugs based on potential teratogenic risks to the fetus.
B) It regulates prenatal care procedures.
C) It determines the ideal time for pregnancy.
D) It assigns genetic risk factors to pregnant women.

9. How can teratogens affect the development of the immune system?

A) They have no effect on immune system development.
B) They enhance the immune response in babies.
C) They only affect maternal immunity.
D) They can impair the function of immune cells in the fetus.

10. What is a common birth defect caused by the rubella virus during pregnancy?

A) Cleft palate
B) Congenital rubella syndrome
C) Down syndrome
D) Spina bifida

11. What is the term for a cluster of birth defects that occur together and have a common cause?

A) Disease
B) Syndrome
C) Mutation
D) Deformity

12. Which of the following is a neural tube defect?

A) Spina bifida
B) Clubfoot
C) Cleft lip
D) Polydactyly

13. What is the term for a child born with abnormally small head and brain?

A) Anencephaly
B) Hydrocephalus
C) Macrocephaly
D) Microcephaly

14. What is the most common preventable cause of intellectual disability in newborns?

A) Fetal alcohol syndrome
B) Maternal infections
C) Premature birth
D) Genetic disorders

15. Which vitamin deficiency during pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects?

A) Vitamin C
B) Folic acid
C) Vitamin B12
D) Vitamin D

16. What is the term for a baby born without the top of the skull, brain, or covering of the brain?

A) Macrocephaly
B) Anencephaly
C) Microcephaly
D) Hydrocephalus

17. Which of the following is a common example of a chromosomal birth defect?

A) Down syndrome
B) Rubella infection
C) Fetal alcohol syndrome
D) Diabetes

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