Teratology

1. Teratology is the study of abnormalities and malformations that occur during the development of an organism. This field explores the causes and effects of these anomalies, seeking to understand the underlying genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors that contribute to their occurrence. By investigating teratogenic agents and their impact on embryonic growth and organogenesis, teratologists aim to increase our knowledge of birth defects and improve prevention strategies. Through research in teratology, scientists hope to enhance our understanding of developmental processes and ultimately improve outcomes for affected individuals.

Which trimester of pregnancy is considered the most critical for teratogenic effects?

A) Second trimester.
B) First trimester.
C) Third trimester.
D) There is no specific trimester.

2. What is the purpose of teratology studies?

A) To understand the causes and mechanisms of birth defects.
B) To study the effects of exercise during pregnancy.
C) To promote certain prenatal vitamins.
D) To examine the impact of mental health disorders on fetal development.

3. Which factor can increase the risk of teratogenic effects?

A) Regular doctor visits.
B) Healthy maternal weight gain.
C) Use of recreational drugs during pregnancy.
D) Adequate prenatal care.

4. What role do genetics play in teratology?

A) Genetics have no impact on birth defects.
B) Genetic factors can predispose individuals to certain birth defects.
C) Genes are irrelevant in the study of teratogens.
D) Only chromosomal abnormalities are influenced by genetics.

5. How do teratogens affect fetal development?

A) They can disrupt normal development processes and cause abnormalities.
B) They have no impact on fetal development.
C) They enhance fetal growth and development.
D) They only affect the mother, not the fetus.

6. What precaution can pregnant women take to reduce the risk of teratogenic effects?

A) Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals.
B) Not getting enough rest.
C) Skipping prenatal appointments.
D) Eating raw fish.

7. How does maternal nutrition impact teratogenic risks?

A) Maternal nutrition has no impact on fetal development.
B) Healthy diet choices eliminate teratogenic risks.
C) Poor maternal nutrition can increase the risk of birth defects.
D) Nutritional supplements are the only important factor.

8. What is the significance of the FDA pregnancy category system in teratology?

A) It regulates prenatal care procedures.
B) It determines the ideal time for pregnancy.
C) It assigns genetic risk factors to pregnant women.
D) It categorizes drugs based on potential teratogenic risks to the fetus.

9. How can teratogens affect the development of the immune system?

A) They enhance the immune response in babies.
B) They only affect maternal immunity.
C) They have no effect on immune system development.
D) They can impair the function of immune cells in the fetus.

10. What is a common birth defect caused by the rubella virus during pregnancy?

A) Spina bifida
B) Down syndrome
C) Congenital rubella syndrome
D) Cleft palate

11. What is the term for a cluster of birth defects that occur together and have a common cause?

A) Deformity
B) Mutation
C) Syndrome
D) Disease

12. Which of the following is a neural tube defect?

A) Polydactyly
B) Clubfoot
C) Cleft lip
D) Spina bifida

13. What is the term for a child born with abnormally small head and brain?

A) Hydrocephalus
B) Macrocephaly
C) Anencephaly
D) Microcephaly

14. What is the most common preventable cause of intellectual disability in newborns?

A) Genetic disorders
B) Fetal alcohol syndrome
C) Premature birth
D) Maternal infections

15. Which vitamin deficiency during pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects?

A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin B12
C) Folic acid
D) Vitamin D

16. What is the term for a baby born without the top of the skull, brain, or covering of the brain?

A) Hydrocephalus
B) Microcephaly
C) Anencephaly
D) Macrocephaly

17. Which of the following is a common example of a chromosomal birth defect?

A) Diabetes
B) Rubella infection
C) Fetal alcohol syndrome
D) Down syndrome

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