- 1. Clinical biochemistry, also known as chemical pathology, is the branch of medical science that deals with the analysis of bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. It involves studying the chemical processes and substances within the body to understand how they are affected by disease. Clinical biochemists use a range of techniques to measure levels of various components in bodily fluids, such as enzymes, hormones, proteins, and electrolytes, to diagnose and monitor diseases. These tests are crucial for evaluating organ function, detecting metabolic disorders, monitoring treatment responses, and predicting health outcomes. Clinical biochemistry plays a vital role in modern healthcare by providing valuable information to doctors for making accurate diagnoses and managing patient care effectively.
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
A) Fibrinogen
B) Albumin
C) Hemoglobin
D) C-reactive protein (CRP)
- 2. What is the main carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscles?
A) Glucose
B) Sucrose
C) Fructose
D) Glycogen
- 3. Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal glands?
A) Human growth hormone (HGH)
B) Insulin
C) Cortisol
D) Thyroxine
- 4. Which test is used to evaluate kidney function?
A) Creatinine clearance
B) Vitamin B12 test
C) Prothrombin time (PT)
D) Thyroid function test
- 5. What substance is measured to assess pancreatic function?
A) LDH
B) Troponin
C) Bilirubin
D) Amylase
- 6. Which of the following is a protein involved in blood coagulation?
A) Creatinine
B) Fibrinogen
C) Hemoglobin
D) Bilirubin
- 7. What term refers to the process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones?
A) Glycolysis
B) Oxidation
C) Anabolism
D) Catabolism
- 8. Which of the following is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes?
A) Insulin resistance
B) High levels of insulin
C) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
D) Lack of insulin production
- 9. What is the precursor of vitamin D produced in the skin upon exposure to sunlight?
A) Lycopene
B) Cholesterol
C) 7-dehydrocholesterol
D) Beta-carotene
- 10. What is the end product of purine metabolism in humans?
A) Alanine
B) Bilirubin
C) Creatinine
D) Uric Acid
- 11. What is the key role of red blood cells?
A) Transport oxygen to body tissues
B) Produce antibodies
C) Produce bile
D) Produce insulin
- 12. What is the primary organ responsible for protein metabolism in the body?
A) Kidney
B) Spleen
C) Liver
D) Pancreas
- 13. Which of the following is a vitamin synthesized by intestinal bacteria?
A) Vitamin B12
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin E
- 14. Which of the following vitamins is fat-soluble?
A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin B9 (Folate)
C) Vitamin A
D) Vitamin B1
- 15. What does LDL stand for in cholesterol terminology?
A) Lipoprotein subclass
B) Low lipid content
C) High-density lipoprotein
D) Low-density lipoprotein
- 16. What is the normal range for blood pH in humans?
A) 7.0 - 7.2
B) 6.8 - 7.0
C) 7.35 - 7.45
D) 7.5 - 7.6
- 17. What is the primary function of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4)?
A) Regulate metabolism
B) Regulate blood sugar
C) Promote bone growth
D) Control blood pressure
- 18. What is the main function of the enzyme amylase?
A) Lipid metabolism
B) Protein synthesis
C) Blood clotting
D) Digestion of carbohydrates
- 19. Which of the following is a marker of inflammation in the body?
A) C-reactive protein (CRP)
B) HDL cholesterol
C) Insulin-like growth factor
D) Thyroid stimulating hormone
- 20. Which of the following is an indicator of renal function?
A) Hemoglobin level
B) BUN (Blood urea nitrogen) level
C) Thyroid stimulating hormone level
D) LDL cholesterol level
- 21. What does the acronym HDL stand for in cholesterol terminology?
A) Low-density lipoprotein
B) Hypertriglyceridemia
C) Hyperlipoproteinemia
D) High-density lipoprotein
- 22. Which hormone is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood?
A) Estrogen
B) Insulin
C) Thyroxine
D) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- 23. What does the acronym AST stand for in liver function tests?
A) Alanine aminotransferase
B) Alkaline phosphatase
C) Aspartate aminotransferase
D) Alpha-fetoprotein
- 24. Which molecule serves as the primary energy source for cells?
A) Lactic acid
B) Fatty acids
C) Glucose
D) Pyruvate
- 25. Which of the following enzymes is often elevated in individuals with acute pancreatitis?
A) Lipase
B) Amylase
C) Cholinesterase
D) Alkaline phosphatase
- 26. Which enzyme is specific to breaking down proteins?
A) Protease
B) Amylase
C) Lipase
D) Maltase
- 27. What is the name of the process by which cells convert glucose into energy?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Glycolysis
C) Krebs cycle
D) Gluconeogenesis
- 28. What is the breakdown product of hemoglobin that gives feces its brown color?
A) Heme
B) Urobilinogen
C) Biliverdin
D) Bilirubin
- 29. Which enzyme is responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate into glucose in the liver?
A) Glucose-6-phosphatase
B) Hexokinase
C) Glucokinase
D) Phosphofructokinase
- 30. Which molecule is used as a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones?
A) Fatty acids
B) Amino acids
C) Cholesterol
D) Glucose
- 31. What is the term for the total amount of solutes in a given volume of fluid?
A) pH
B) Viscosity
C) Osmolality
D) Specific gravity
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