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PATLAL😭
Contributed by: Patricia Lucille Marjorie
  • 1. What theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and communicative exchanges in language acquisition?
A) Interactionism
B) Behaviorism
C) Nativism
D) Cognitivist
  • 2. What is the term for an innate grammatical framework proposed by Noam Chomsky that is common to all human languages?
A) Acquisition Support System(LASS)
B) Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
C) Cognitive Schema
D) Universal Grammar
  • 3. What is ‘positive reinforcement’ in the context of behaviorism?
A) Encouraging imitation
B) Correcting language mistakes
C) Ignoring incorrect language use
D) Rewarding correct language use
  • 4. Which theory asserts that language acquisition is a result of environmental interaction, imitation, and reinforcement?
A) Behaviorism
B) Nativism
C) Cognitivism
D) Interactionism
  • 5. What does ‘equilibration’ mean in Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory?
A) • Reinforcing correct language use through rewards
B) • Balancing assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding
C) • Adjusting cognitive structures to incorporate new information
D) • Integrating new information into existing schemas
  • 6. What is ‘child-directed speech’ (CDS) in the Interactionist Theory?
A) • Symbolic play to teach language concepts
B) • Simplified, accessible language tailored to young children
C) Formal teaching of grammatical rules
D) • Advanced language used by caregivers
  • 7. What is the name of the social structures and interactions that support language learning in the Interactionist Theory?
A) Cognitive Schema
B) Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)
C) Universal Grammar
D) Language Acquisition Device
  • 8. Who proposed the concept of the ‘Language Acquisition Device (LAD)’?
A) Noam Chomsky
B) Jerome Bruner
C) B.F Skinner
D) Jean Piaget
  • 9. According to Jerome Bruner, what term describes the social structures and interactions that support language learning?
A) • Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)
B) • Cognitive Equilibration
C) • Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
D) • Universal Grammar
  • 10. Which theory is closely associated with B.F. Skinner and focuses on the role of environmental influences in learning language?
A) • Cognitivism
B) Interactionism
C) Nativism
D) • Behaviorism
  • 11. Why has the study of SLA been traditionally dominated by linguistics?
A) • Linguistics offers the most effective teaching methods
B) • Psychological studies of language were less developed
C) • Educational institutions prioritized linguistic studies
D) • Linguistics was more accommodating for SLA research
  • 12. According to the paper, what is necessary for effective L2 learning in adults?
A) • Focusing exclusively on rote memorization
B) • Combining implicit learning with explicit learning processes
C) • Solely relying on implicit learning mechanism
D) • Avoiding explicit learning altogether
  • 13. What is one proposed research area mentioned in the paper’s future research agenda?
A) • Exploring the explicit/implicit learning dichotomy
B) • Focusing solely on linguistic theories
C) • Reducing the emphasis on psychological factors
D) • Developing new linguistic output models
  • 14. Which technological advancement has significantly influenced the study of SLA in recent times?
A) • Development of new language textbooks
B) • Brain scanning and imaging technologies
C) • Automated language translation tools
D) • Online language learning platforms
  • 15. What is a major challenge of the linguistic approach in SLA according to the paper?
A) • Focus on static language output analysis
B) • Emphasis on developmental processes
C) • Lack of practical applications
D) • Overreliance on cognitive theories
  • 16. Which field traditionally focused on analyzing language output as a static state?
A) • Psychology
B) • Cognitive Science
C) • Linguistics
D) • Education
  • 17. Why do psychologists find L1 acquisition more attractive than L2 acquisition?
A) • L2 acquisition is more uniform
B) • L2 acquisition is less relevant to human identity
C) • L1 acquisition is easier to study
D) • L1 acquisition offers more generalizable findings
  • 18. Language Learning: The Past, The Present, and The Future”?
A) • The historical and current influence of psychology on language learning
B) • The effectiveness of different language teaching methods
C) • The development of linguistic theories in SLA
D) • The role of technology in language acquisition
  • 19. What is meant by ‘interdisciplinary collaboration’ in the context of SLA research?
A) • Focusing solely on linguistic theories
B) • Combining insights from multiple academic disciplines
C) • Prioritizing traditional teaching methods
D) • Separating psychology from linguistics
  • 20. What was unconventional about the author’s academic journey in the mid-1980s?
A) • Integrating technology into language learning research
B) • Studying SLA within a Department of Psychology
C) • Focusing on L1 acquisition
D) • Pursuing a PhD in Linguistics
  • 21. Who is considered the founder of Behaviorism, which significantly influenced the Behaviorist Theory of language learning?
A) • J.B. Watson
B) • Jean Piaget
C) • Noam Chomsky
D) • Jerome Bruner
  • 22. What is one major limitation of Behaviorist Theory in explaining language acquisition?
A) • It ignores the role of environmental stimuli
B) • It does not explain how children learn abstract words and novel language forms
C) • It focuses too much on social and cultural factors
D) • It overestimates the influence of cognitive development
  • 23. According to Behaviorist Theory, how do children form complex speech patterns?
A) • By gradual refinement through trial-and-error
B) • Through a biological predisposition
C) • By social interaction and support
D) • Via cognitive restructuring
  • 24. Behaviorist Theory contributed to the development of which teaching approach that involves physical activity as a response to language input?
A) • Direct Method
B) • Total Physical Response
C) • Communicative Language Teaching
D) • Silent Way
  • 25. Which criticism is often leveled against Behaviorist Theory?
A) • It ignores the role of reinforcement in learning
B) • It relies too heavily on cognitive development stages
C) • It does not account for social influences
D) • It overemphasizes innate biological mechanisms
  • 26. What is the primary focus of Behaviorist Theory in language acquisition?
A) • Social interaction
B) • Observable behavior and reinforcement
C) • Innate ability
D) • Cognitive processes
  • 27. Who is considered the founder of Behaviorism, which influenced Behaviorist Theory of language learning?
A) • Lev Vygotsky
B) • Jean Piaget
C) • Noam Chomsky
D) • • J.B. Watson
  • 28. According to Behaviorist Theory, how do children primarily learn language?
A) • Through innate mechanisms
B) • By interacting with their environment
C) • Through problem-solving and hypothesis testing
D) • By imitating sounds and receiving rewards
  • 29. Which of the following is NOT a basic tenet of Behaviorist Theory?
A) • Imitation and Reinforcement
B) • Stimulus-Response Associations
C) • Universal Grammar
D) • Habit Formation
  • 30. Which language teaching method is most closely aligned with Behaviorist Theory?
A) • Total Physical Response
B) • Audiolingual Method
C) • Communicative Language Teaching
D) • Grammar Translation Method
  • 31. The critical/sensitive period for the development of semantics is considered to be:
A) • From 2 years to 4 years From birth to 2 years
B) • Through the 12th month of infancy
C) • Through the 15th or 16th year of life
  • 32. This key elements of language runs through the 15th or 16th year of life.
A) • Morphology
B) • Semantics
C) • Syntax
D) • Phonology
  • 33. Who proposed the critical period hypothesis for language acquisition and when?
A) • Jean Piaget, 1960
B) • B.F. Skinner, 1955
C) • Noam Chomsky, 1957
D) • Eric Lenneberg, 1967
  • 34. Which brain regions are involved in syntax and semantics respectively?
A) • Anterior temporal region for syntax and posterior brain regions for semantics.
B) • Left hemisphere for syntax and right hemisphere for semantics.
C) • Posterior brain regions for syntax and anterior and Temporal region for semantics.
D) • Frontal lobe for syntax and occipital lobe for semantics.
  • 35. What is the implication of the critical/sensitive period concept for early language development?
A) • Early and appropriate sensory input is crucial for optimal language development.
B) • Language skills can be developed equally well at any age.
C) • Hearing loss in early childhood has no impact on language development
D) • Phonological skills are not important for later language development.
  • 36. What research finding supports the critical period for phonological development?
A) • Children understand complex sentences by age 3.
B) • Newborns can differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar voices.
C) • Adolescents have fully developed semantic responses.
D) • Children start using grammar by age 2.
  • 37. Which of the following best describes the impact of early exposure to phonemic sounds?
A) • It has no impact on later language development.
B) • It is crucial for phonological development and influences later language abilities
C) • It only affects the ability to learn multiple languages.
D) • It is important only for developing semantic understanding.
  • 38. What did neurophysiological studies by Neville et al. indicate about syntax development?
A) • Syntax development is only influenced by genetic factors.
B) • Syntax development is unaffected by early experiences.
C) • Syntax development is complete by age 4.
D) • Syntax development reaches full maturity by the mid- teens.
  • 39. What is a broader implication of the critical/sensitive period concept in human development?
A) • Specific experiences during critical periods significantly influence later development.
B) • Human development occurs in completely unique stages without any overlap.
C) • Biological maturation has no role in developmental changes.
D) • Developmental changes are purely driven by genetic factors.
  • 40. Which research finding supports the critical period for phonological development?
A) • Semantics are fully understood by age 4.
B) • Syntax develops fully by the mid-teens.
C) • Infants lose the ability to discriminate non-native phonemes by 12 months.
D) • Newborns can speak fluently by 12 months.
  • 41. What is the critical/sensitive period for syntax development according to neurophysiological studies?
A) • From 6 months to 1 year
B) • From 1 year to 4 years
C) • Extends through the fourth year of life and possibly up to the age of 15-16
D) • From birth to 2 years
  • 42. During what time frame is the critical period for phonological development?
A) • From 2 years to 5 years
B) • From the sixth month of fetal life through the 12th month of infancy
C) • From 1 year to 4 years
D) • From birth to 6 months
  • 43. What did ERP studies reveal about children’s brain responses to semantic stimuli?
A) • Semantic development is complete by age 2.
B) • Mature responses begin to appear by age 4 but continue to develop through adolescence.
C) • Mature responses are present only in adults.
D) • Children have fully mature responses to semantic stimuli by age 4.
  • 44. What is the concept of a critical or sensitive period in language development?
A) • A phase when adults can learn new languages easily.
B) • A biologically determined window when language acquisition is most effective.
C) • A period when language acquisition is impossible.
D) • A period when children learn to read and write.
  • 45. Teachers should actively manage the use of L1, integrating it strategically into lessons to enhance learning while ensuring sufficient exposure to L2. This explains the
A) • Direct Method and Audiolingual Method
B) • Grammar Translation Method
C) • Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Community Language Learning, Total Physical Response, Communicative Language Teaching
D) • Overcoming Overuse of Mother Tongue
  • 46. What is a classroom strategy that involves using the mother tongue to support second language learning?
A) • Give instructions in L2 only, regardless of understanding.
B) • Repeat instructions in L1 to ensure understanding.
C) • Avoid using gestures and visual aids.
D) • Teach common phrases only in L1.
  • 47. What is one benefit of mother-tongue instruction mentioned in the context of the Hong Kong policy?
A) • It reduces the need for learning English.
B) • It eliminates the use of the mother tongue in classrooms.
C) • It enhances both mother tongue and English proficiency.
D) • It focuses only on English proficiency.
  • 48. What is a common belief among educators about the use of the mother tongue (L1) in second language (L2) learning?
A) • It has no influence on second language learning.
B) • It is more beneficial than learning a second language.
C) • It should be minimized as much as possible.
D) • It should be used exclusively in the classroom.
  • 49. This teaching methodology uses L1 selectively to support understanding and build a bridge.
A) • Grammar Translation Method
B) • Direct Method and Audiolingual Method
C) • Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Community Language Learning, Total Physical Response, Communicative Language Teaching
  • 50. What can be a consequence of an abrupt transition from mother tongue to second language instruction?
A) • Reduced motivation and potential academic failure.
B) • Immediate fluency in the second language.
C) • Enhanced motivation to learn.
D) • Strengthened first language acquisition.
  • 51. According to UNESCO (2007), what is one benefit of mother tongue-based instruction?
A) • It makes learning additional languages more difficult.
B) • It results in better academic outcomes, especially for disadvantaged groups
C) • It leads to poorer academic outcomes.
D) • It encourages students to abandon their native language.
  • 52. This teaching methodology avoid L1 to prevent interference with L2 learning.
A) • Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Community Language Learning, Total Physical Response, Communicative Language Teaching
B) • Direct Method and Audiolingual Method
C) • Grammar Translation Method
  • 53. How does fluency and literacy in the mother tongue influence learning additional languages?
A) • It provides a foundation for learning additional languages.
B) • It hinders the ability to learn additional languages.
C) • It has no impact on learning additional languages.
D) • It causes confusion between languages.
  • 54. Gradual transition from mother tongue to second language instruction helps children learn the second language more effectively and retain their native language skills. This explains the
A) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
B) • Significance of Mother Tongue
C) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
D) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
  • 55. Teachers should balance the use of L1 to avoid over- reliance and ensure sufficient exposure to English. This explains the
A) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
B) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
C) • When and How to Use Mother Tongue
D) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
  • 56. The mother tongue is a key instrument for intellectual development and expression. Weakness in the mother tongue can hinder overall cognitive abilities. This explains the
A) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
B) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
C) • Significance of Mother Tongue
D) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
  • 57. The mother tongue is essential for a child’s identity, reinforcing social patterns and unique cultural backgrounds. This indicates the
A) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
B) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
C) • Significance of Mother Tongue
D) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
  • 58. While some argue for exclusive use of English, especially for young learners, L1 can provide a sense of security, facilitate understanding, and enable more complex activities. This explains the
A) • Role of Mother Tongue in Education
B) • Mother Tongue’s Influence on Second Language Learning
C) • Benefits of Mother Tongue Instruction
D) • When and How to Use Mother Tongue
  • 59. What is one activity mentioned that involves both L1 and L2 to make language learning more engaging?
A) • Grammar drills in L2 only
B) • Listening to L2 audio recordings without context.
C) • Memorizing vocabulary lists in L2 only.
D) • Conversation starters and translation tasks.
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