- 1. The Development of Christian Doctrine and Theology has been a profound and evolving journey, rooted in the teachings of Jesus Christ and the apostolic traditions that followed his life and ministry. From the early days of the Church, as leaders and theologians such as the Apostle Paul articulated the significance of Jesus' death and resurrection, to the formation of the Nicene Creed in the fourth century, the foundations of Christian belief were being carefully laid. During the Patristic period, Church Fathers like Augustine and Athanasius grappled with complex theological questions regarding the nature of God, the divinity of Christ, and the relationship of the Holy Spirit, all of which contributed to a richer understanding of the Trinity. As Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire and beyond, different cultural contexts and philosophical ideas influenced theological thought, leading to further developments such as scholasticism in the Middle Ages, where figures like Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile faith with reason. The Reformation in the 16th century marked a significant shift as reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin challenged established doctrines and ecclesiastical authority, emphasizing the primacy of Scripture and the doctrine of justification by faith. In the modern era, the rise of biblical criticism and existential philosophy has prompted new interpretations and discussions regarding the nature of revelation, the role of the Church, and the relevance of Christian doctrine in contemporary society. Thus, the development of Christian doctrine and theology is not merely a historical recounting of beliefs but a dynamic interplay of faith, reason, culture, and experience, reflecting the Church's ongoing search for understanding and the truth of the divine amidst a changing world.
What is the primary source of Christian doctrine?
A) Tradition
B) Church Council Decisions
C) Philosophy
D) The Bible
- 2. The Nicene Creed was established in which year?
A) 325 AD
B) 451 AD
C) 313 AD
D) 400 AD
- 3. What council addressed the Arian controversy?
A) The Council of Ephesus
B) The Council of Chalcedon
C) The Second Vatican Council
D) The First Council of Nicaea
- 4. What doctrine states that Jesus is fully God and fully man?
A) Incarnation
B) Transubstantiation
C) Trinity
D) Hypostatic Union
- 5. Which 16th-century movement sought to reform the Catholic Church?
A) The Great Schism
B) The Counter-Reformation
C) The Enlightenment
D) The Protestant Reformation
- 6. Who is credited with the 95 Theses?
A) Henry VIII
B) Huldrych Zwingli
C) John Calvin
D) Martin Luther
- 7. What does Transubstantiation refer to?
A) Baptism for infants
B) The resurrection of Christ
C) The Lord's Supper being symbolic
D) The change of bread and wine into Christ's body and blood
- 8. Which Gospel emphasizes Jesus' divinity?
A) The Gospel of Mark
B) The Gospel of John
C) The Gospel of Luke
D) The Gospel of Matthew
- 9. What term describes the authoritative list of books in the Bible?
A) Scripture
B) Apocrypha
C) Canon
D) Septuagint
- 10. What is the meaning of 'Apostolic Succession'?
A) The cycle of church seasons
B) The process of biblical interpretation
C) The unbroken transmission of spiritual authority from the Apostles
D) The establishment of church creeds
- 11. Which theologian is known for the concept of predestination?
A) Ignatius of Loyola
B) John Calvin
C) Martin Luther
D) Pelagius
- 12. Which Council defined the two natures of Christ?
A) Council of Chalcedon
B) Council of Nicaea
C) Vatican II
D) Council of Ephesus
- 13. Which doctrine is the belief in Mary as the Mother of God?
A) Immaculate Conception
B) Theotokos
C) Assumption
D) Purgatory
- 14. Which heresy denies the humanity of Christ?
A) Gnosticism
B) Arianism
C) Docetism
D) Pelagianism
- 15. The concept of 'original sin' was primarily developed by which theologian?
A) Thomas Aquinas
B) St. Augustine
C) John Calvin
D) Martin Luther
- 16. The document 'Nostra Aetate' is associated with which council?
A) Council of Trent
B) Vatican II
C) Lateran IV
D) First Nicaea
- 17. What document formally started the Protestant Reformation?
A) Ninety-Five Theses
B) Westminster Confession
C) Council of Nicaea
D) Augsburg Confession
- 18. Who is credited with the 'Five Ways' of proving God's existence?
A) Blaise Pascal
B) Ignatius of Loyola
C) Anselm of Canterbury
D) Thomas Aquinas
- 19. Which creed was formulated in 325 AD?
A) Chalcedonian Creed
B) Athanasian Creed
C) Nicene Creed
D) Apostles' Creed
- 20. Who translated the Bible into Latin, known as the Vulgate?
A) Martin Luther
B) John Wycliffe
C) Jerome
D) William Tyndale
- 21. Which issue did Martin Luther challenge?
A) Indulgences
B) The Papacy
C) Justification by Faith
D) Transubstantiation
- 22. What is the primary focus of liberation theology?
A) Mystical experience
B) Social justice
C) Tradition
D) Intellectualism
- 23. What is the term for the study of the end times?
A) Theology Proper
B) Christology
C) Eschatology
D) Soteriology
- 24. The doctrine that God is all-knowing is known as?
A) Immanence
B) Omnipresence
C) Omniscience
D) Omnipotence
- 25. Which movement emphasizes the power of the Holy Spirit?
A) Liberalism
B) Anglicanism
C) Fundamentalism
D) Pentecostalism
- 26. Which term refers to Jesus’ sacrificial death?
A) Incarnation
B) Atonement
C) Resurrection
D) Ascension
- 27. Which of the following is a key figure in the Eastern Orthodox Church?
A) Bishop
B) Pastor
C) Patriarch
D) Cardinal
- 28. What is the term for the official teachings of the Church?
A) Creed
B) Dogma
C) Doctrine
D) Ritual
- 29. What does 'schism' mean in a religious context?
A) An ecumenical gathering
B) A theological debate
C) A type of liturgical practice
D) A split or division in the Church
- 30. The idea that Scripture alone is the authority is known as what?
A) Ecclesia et Ecclesiae
B) Sciptura et Tradition
C) Sola Scriptura
D) Sola Fide
- 31. Which of the following is considered a sacrament in most Christian traditions?
A) Prayer
B) Baptism
C) Sermon
D) Confession
- 32. What is the term for God's grace that cannot be earned?
A) Unmerited grace
B) Common grace
C) Sacramental grace
D) Repentant grace
- 33. Which branch of Christianity primarily adheres to the teachings of John Wesley?
A) Anglicanism
B) Methodism
C) Lutheranism
D) Calvinism
- 34. What does the term 'Catholic' originally mean?
A) Local
B) Secular
C) Traditional
D) Universal
- 35. Which doctrine is associated with the Virgin Mary?
A) Transubstantiation
B) Immaculate Conception
C) Hypostatic Union
D) Atonement
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