- 1. Clinical immunology is the branch of medicine that focuses on diagnosing and treating disorders related to the immune system. This field encompasses a wide range of conditions, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and transplant rejection. Clinical immunologists work closely with patients to understand the underlying causes of their immune-related health issues and develop personalized treatment plans. They may utilize a variety of techniques, such as blood tests, imaging studies, and immunotherapy, to help manage and alleviate symptoms. By studying the body's immune responses, clinical immunologists play a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and enhancing overall quality of life.
What is the main function of T cells in immunology?
A) Secreting cytokines
B) Regulating immune responses
C) Producing antibodies
D) Phagocytosis
- 2. Which type of immunity is acquired through vaccination?
A) Adaptive immunity
B) Innate immunity
C) Cell-mediated immunity
D) Passive immunity
- 3. Which cells are responsible for antibody production?
A) Macrophages
B) T cells
C) NK cells
D) B cells
- 4. Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant in serum?
A) IgG
B) IgM
C) IgE
D) IgA
- 5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies?
A) Type I
B) Type IV
C) Type III
D) Type II
- 6. Which cells express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules?
A) Cytotoxic T cells
B) Antigen-presenting cells
C) NK cells
D) Neutrophils
- 7. Where do B cells mature and differentiate?
A) Bone marrow
B) Lymph nodes
C) Spleen
D) Thymus
- 8. What is the purpose of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the immune system?
A) Directly killing pathogens
B) Presenting antigens to T cells
C) Regulating inflammation
D) Producing antibodies
- 9. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex formation?
A) Type IV
B) Type III
C) Type I
D) Type II
- 10. What is the function of regulatory T cells?
A) Killing infected cells
B) Suppressing immune responses
C) Activating B cells
D) Producing antibodies
- 11. Which molecule is targeted by monoclonal antibody therapies in autoimmune diseases?
A) Immunoglobulins
B) Complement proteins
C) MHC molecules
D) Cytokines
- 12. Which cells secrete antibodies in response to antigens?
A) T cells
B) Plasma cells
C) Mast cells
D) Memory B cells
- 13. Which cells are responsible for immune surveillance against cancer cells?
A) Natural killer cells
B) Macrophages
C) Regulatory T cells
D) Dendritic cells
- 14. Where do T cells mature?
A) Thymus
B) Bone marrow
C) Spleen
D) Lymph nodes
- 15. Which immunodeficiency disorder is caused by a genetic defect in B cells?
A) SCID
B) DiGeorge syndrome
C) Ataxia-telangiectasia
D) X-linked agammaglobulinemia
- 16. Which cytokine promotes the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells?
A) TNF-alpha
B) IL-6
C) IFN-gamma
D) IL-2
- 17. Which type of immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins in the blood?
A) DiGeorge syndrome
B) Hypogammaglobulinemia
C) CVID
D) Ataxia-telangiectasia
- 18. Which antibody is involved in defense against parasites?
A) IgE
B) IgA
C) IgM
D) IgG
- 19. Which cytokine is responsible for promoting growth and differentiation of B cells?
A) Interleukin-10
B) Tumor necrosis factor
C) Interferon-gamma
D) Interleukin-4
- 20. Which immunoglobulin plays a role in mucosal immunity and provides passive immunity to infants through breast milk?
A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgM
- 21. What is the primary function of toll-like receptors in the innate immune response?
A) Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns
B) Induce antibody production
C) Activate complement system
D) Regulate inflammation
- 22. Which of the following is not a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule?
A) HLA-DR
B) HLA-DQ
C) CD8
D) HLA-DP
- 23. What is the hallmark of a secondary immune response compared to a primary immune response?
A) Higher antigen dose required for response
B) Decreased antibody production
C) Fewer memory cells generated
D) Faster and more robust response
- 24. Which pattern recognition receptor is responsible for recognizing bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide?
A) TLR4
B) TLR9
C) RIG-I
D) NOD2
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